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Linux Local Disk 관리: 디스크 추가 & 정보 보기
October 03, 2022
Linux Local Disk 관리: 디스크 추가 & 정보 보기
1. 디스크 정보 보기
1-1. 디스크 용량 단위
- 운영체제는 저장 장치의 단위로 바이트(Byte = 8 Bit)를 사용한다.
- 1bit = on/off 로 구분될 수 있는 가장 작은 단위
- 1 바이트 크기는 한 문자에 해당
- $2^{10}$의 거듭제곱으로 계산
- $2^{10}$=1024
- 1000바이트 단위: KB(kilobyte), MB, GB, TB, PB, EB, ZB로 표시
- 1000byte ⇒ 1KB, 1000KB ⇒ 1MB , 1000MB ⇒ 1GB
- 1024바이트 단위: KiB(kibibyte), MiB, GiB, TiB, PiB, EiB, ZiB로 표시
- 1024byte ⇒ 1KiB, 1024KiB ⇒ 1MiB
1-2. df
-
파티션 단위로 디스크 사용량 출력
-
리눅스 시스템의 디스크 사용량 확인
- df -h ⇒ human-readable. 사람이 보기 좋게 메가(M), 기가(G)단위로 디스크 공간을 확인
- df -a ⇒ all. 모든 파일 시스템 출력
- df -T ⇒ type. 파일 시스템의 타입 출력
Filesystem 리눅스에 마운트한 파일 시스템 목록 Size(1k-blocks) 전체용량 Used 사용량 Available 남은 용량 Use% 용량 대비 사용량에 대한 퍼센트 Mounted on 마운트 된 지점(경로) root@ubuntu:~# df --help | more Usage: df [OPTION]... [FILE]... Show information about the file system on which each FILE resides, or all file systems by default. Mandatory arguments to long options are mandatory for short options too. -a, --all include pseudo, duplicate, inaccessible file systems -B, --block-size=SIZE scale sizes by SIZE before printing them; e.g., '-BM' prints sizes in units of 1,048,576 bytes; see SIZE format below -h, --human-readable print sizes in powers of 1024 (e.g., 1023M) -H, --si print sizes in powers of 1000 (e.g., 1.1G) -i, --inodes list inode information instead of block usage -k like --block-size=1K -l, --local limit listing to local file systems --no-sync do not invoke sync before getting usage info (default) --output[=FIELD_LIST] use the output format defined by FIELD_LIST, or print all fields if FIELD_LIST is omitted. -P, --portability use the POSIX output format --sync invoke sync before getting usage info --total elide all entries insignificant to available space, and produce a grand total -t, --type=TYPE limit listing to file systems of type TYPE -T, --print-type print file system type -x, --exclude-type=TYPE limit listing to file systems not of type TYPE -v (ignored) --help display this help and exit --version output version information and exit root@ubuntu:~# df Filesystem 1K-blocks Used Available Use% Mounted on udev 1955536 0 1955536 0% /dev tmpfs 398324 1732 396592 1% /run **/dev/sda5 19947120 8965488 9943040 48% /** tmpfs 1991600 0 1991600 0% /dev/shm tmpfs 5120 4 5116 1% /run/lock tmpfs 1991600 0 1991600 0% /sys/fs/cgroup /dev/loop0 128 128 0 100% /snap/bare/5 /dev/loop1 63488 63488 0 100% /snap/core20/1328 /dev/loop2 254848 254848 0 100% /snap/gnome-3-38-2004/99 /dev/loop3 66816 66816 0 100% /snap/gtk-common-themes/1519 /dev/loop5 44672 44672 0 100% /snap/snapd/14978 /dev/sda1 523248 4 523244 1% /boot/efi /dev/loop6 64768 64768 0 100% /snap/core20/1623 /dev/loop7 49152 49152 0 100% /snap/snapd/16778 /dev/loop8 47104 47104 0 100% /snap/snap-store/592 /dev/loop9 93952 93952 0 100% /snap/gtk-common-themes/1535 /dev/loop10 354688 354688 0 100% /snap/gnome-3-38-2004/115 tmpfs 398320 8 398312 1% /run/user/1000 /dev/loop11 47104 47104 0 100% /snap/snap-store/599 root@ubuntu:~# df -h Filesystem Size Used Avail Use% Mounted on udev 1.9G 0 1.9G 0% /dev tmpfs 389M 1.7M 388M 1% /run /dev/sda5 20G 8.6G 9.5G 48% / tmpfs 1.9G 0 1.9G 0% /dev/shm tmpfs 5.0M 4.0K 5.0M 1% /run/lock tmpfs 1.9G 0 1.9G 0% /sys/fs/cgroup /dev/loop0 128K 128K 0 100% /snap/bare/5 /dev/loop1 62M 62M 0 100% /snap/core20/1328 /dev/loop2 249M 249M 0 100% /snap/gnome-3-38-2004/99 /dev/loop3 66M 66M 0 100% /snap/gtk-common-themes/1519 /dev/loop5 44M 44M 0 100% /snap/snapd/14978 /dev/sda1 511M 4.0K 511M 1% /boot/efi /dev/loop6 64M 64M 0 100% /snap/core20/1623 /dev/loop7 48M 48M 0 100% /snap/snapd/16778 /dev/loop8 46M 46M 0 100% /snap/snap-store/592 /dev/loop9 92M 92M 0 100% /snap/gtk-common-themes/1535 /dev/loop10 347M 347M 0 100% /snap/gnome-3-38-2004/115 tmpfs 389M 8.0K 389M 1% /run/user/1000 /dev/loop11 46M 46M 0 100% /snap/snap-store/599 # root 파일 시스템을 보고 싶을 경우 root@ubuntu:~# df -h / Filesystem Size Used Avail Use% Mounted on /dev/sda5 20G 8.6G 9.5G 48% / # /home 디렉토리의 디스크용량을 보고 싶은 경우 (root와 같은 파티션을 사용하고 있기 때문에 동일하게 표시) root@ubuntu:~# df -h /home Filesystem Size Used Avail Use% Mounted on /dev/sda5 20G 8.6G 9.5G 48% / # 파일 시스템 포맷 root@ubuntu:~# df -hT / Filesystem Type Size Used Avail Use% Mounted on /dev/sda5 ext4 20G 8.6G 9.5G 48% /- 위 중 실제 디스크 공간은
/dev/sda5에 해당
1-3. du
- disk usage, 디렉토리나 파일의 사용량 확인
- 특정 디렉토리 기준으로 디스크 사용량을 확인
- du -h ⇒ human-readable. 디스크 사용량을 K, M, G 단위로 확인 가능
- du -sh ⇒ 전체 사용량 출력
Usage: du [OPTION]... [FILE]...
or: du [OPTION]... --files0-from=F
Summarize disk usage of the set of FILEs, recursively for directories.
Mandatory arguments to long options are mandatory for short options too.
-0, --null end each output line with NUL, not newline
-a, --all write counts for all files, not just directories
--apparent-size print apparent sizes, rather than disk usage; although
the apparent size is usually smaller, it may be
larger due to holes in ('sparse') files, internal
fragmentation, indirect blocks, and the like
-B, --block-size=SIZE scale sizes by SIZE before printing them; e.g.,
'-BM' prints sizes in units of 1,048,576 bytes;
see SIZE format below
-b, --bytes equivalent to '--apparent-size --block-size=1'
-c, --total produce a grand total
-D, --dereference-args dereference only symlinks that are listed on the
command line
-d, --max-depth=N print the total for a directory (or file, with --all)
only if it is N or fewer levels below the command
line argument; --max-depth=0 is the same as
--summarize
--files0-from=F summarize disk usage of the
NUL-terminated file names specified in file F;
if F is -, then read names from standard input
-H equivalent to --dereference-args (-D)
-h, --human-readable print sizes in human readable format (e.g., 1K 234M 2G)
--inodes list inode usage information instead of block usage
-k like --block-size=1K
-L, --dereference dereference all symbolic links
-l, --count-links count sizes many times if hard linked
-m like --block-size=1M
-P, --no-dereference don't follow any symbolic links (this is the default)
-S, --separate-dirs for directories do not include size of subdirectories
--si like -h, but use powers of 1000 not 1024
-s, --summarize display only a total for each argument
-t, --threshold=SIZE exclude entries smaller than SIZE if positive,
or entries greater than SIZE if negative
--time show time of the last modification of any file in the
directory, or any of its subdirectories
--time=WORD show time as WORD instead of modification time:
atime, access, use, ctime or status
--time-style=STYLE show times using STYLE, which can be:
full-iso, long-iso, iso, or +FORMAT;
FORMAT is interpreted like in 'date'
-X, --exclude-from=FILE exclude files that match any pattern in FILE
--exclude=PATTERN exclude files that match PATTERN
-x, --one-file-system skip directories on different file systems
--help display this help and exit
--version output version information and exit
# du의 경우 -sh 옵션과 함께 많이 사용된다.
root@ubuntu:~# du -sh /home
5.3M /home2. VMware에 새 디스크 추가
2-1. 디스크 디바이스 이름
- VMware init 0으로 시스템 끄기 → Settings → Add Devices → Hard Disk 10G → Advanced Setttings: SCSI → 시스템 재부팅
- 블록 디바이스 이름 규칙
- 플로피 디스크: /dev/fd0, /dev/fd1
- CDROM: /dev/sr0, /dev/cdrom
- IDE 디스크(하드디스크: legacy): /dev/hda, /dev/hdb
- SCSI 디스크: /dev/sda(Squash Disk A), /dev/sdb, /dev/sdc 등
- 파티션: /dev/sda1, /dev/sda2, /dev/sdb1 등
- NVMe는 인텔, 삼성, 샌디스크, 델, 시게이트 등이 포함된 산업 컨소시엄이 SSD 전용으로 개발한 통신 표/프로토콜이다.
- NVMe 하드디스크 이름: /dev/nvme0n1, /dev/nvme0n2
- 파티션 이름: /dev/nvme0n1p1, /dev/nvme0n1p2, /dev/nvme0n2p1
2-2. Cloud 디스크
-
AWS EBS 디바이스 이름
가상화 유형 응시 가능 루트 전용 EBS 볼륨 추천 인스턴스 스토어 볼륨 반가상화(PV) /dev/sd[a-z] /dev/sd[a-z][1-15] /dev/hd[a-z] /dev/hd[a-z][1-15] /dev/sda1 /dev/sd[f-p] /dev/sd[f-p][1-6] /dev/sd[b-e] HVM /dev/sd[a-z] /dev/xvd[b-c][a-z] AMI에 따라 다름 /dev/sda1 또는 /dev/xvda /dev/sd[f-p]* /dev/sd[b-e] /dev/sd[b-h] (h1.16xlarge) /dev/sd[b-y] (d2.8xlarge) /dev/sd[b-i] (i2.8xlarge)** -
Azure disk 디바이스 이름
- /dev/sda, /dev/sdb…
2-3. 블럭 장치 확인
- lsblk
-
블럭 디바이스 정보 출력
ttabae@ubuntu:~$ lsblk --help Usage: lsblk [options] [<device> ...] List information about block devices. Options: -D, --discard print discard capabilities -E, --dedup <column> de-duplicate output by <column> -I, --include <list> show only devices with specified major numbers -J, --json use JSON output format -O, --output-all output all columns -P, --pairs use key="value" output format -S, --scsi output info about SCSI devices -T, --tree[=<column>] use tree format output -a, --all print all devices -b, --bytes print SIZE in bytes rather than in human readable format -d, --nodeps don't print slaves or holders -e, --exclude <list> exclude devices by major number (default: RAM disks) -f, --fs output info about filesystems -i, --ascii use ascii characters only -l, --list use list format output -M, --merge group parents of sub-trees (usable for RAIDs, Multi-path) -m, --perms output info about permissions -n, --noheadings don't print headings -o, --output <list> output columns -p, --paths print complete device path -r, --raw use raw output format -s, --inverse inverse dependencies -t, --topology output info about topology -z, --zoned print zone model -x, --sort <column> sort output by <column> --sysroot <dir> use specified directory as system root -h, --help display this help -V, --version display version ttabae@ubuntu:~$ lsblk NAME MAJ:MIN RM SIZE RO TYPE MOUNTPOINT loop0 7:0 0 4K 1 loop /snap/bare/5 loop1 7:1 0 63.2M 1 loop /snap/core20/1623 loop2 7:2 0 61.9M 1 loop /snap/core20/1328 loop3 7:3 0 346.3M 1 loop /snap/gnome-3-38-2004/115 loop4 7:4 0 248.8M 1 loop /snap/gnome-3-38-2004/99 loop5 7:5 0 65.2M 1 loop /snap/gtk-common-themes/1519 loop6 7:6 0 45.9M 1 loop /snap/snap-store/592 loop7 7:7 0 91.7M 1 loop /snap/gtk-common-themes/1535 loop8 7:8 0 45.9M 1 loop /snap/snap-store/599 loop9 7:9 0 43.6M 1 loop /snap/snapd/14978 loop10 7:10 0 48M 1 loop /snap/snapd/16778 sda 8:0 0 20G 0 disk ├─sda1 8:1 0 512M 0 part /boot/efi ├─sda2 8:2 0 1K 0 part └─sda5 8:5 0 19.5G 0 part / sdb 8:16 0 10G 0 disk sr0 11:0 1 1024M 0 rom
-
- blkid
- 블럭 디바이스 id 확인
ttabae@ubuntu:~$ blkid /dev/sda5: UUID="39a9fd9f-2694-44c4-b180-07e750eed636" TYPE="ext4" PARTUUID="9b09f75e-05" ttabae@ubuntu:~$ blkid --help | more Usage: blkid --label <label> | --uuid <uuid> blkid [--cache-file <file>] [-ghlLv] [--output <format>] [--match-tag <tag>] [--match-token <token>] [<dev> ...] blkid -p [--match-tag <tag>] [--offset <offset>] [--size <size>] [--output <format>] <dev> ... blkid -i [--match-tag <tag>] [--output <format>] <dev> ... Options: -c, --cache-file <file> read from <file> instead of reading from the default cache file (-c /dev/null means no cache) -d, --no-encoding don't encode non-printing characters -g, --garbage-collect garbage collect the blkid cache -o, --output <format> output format; can be one of: value, device, export or full; (default: full) -k, --list-filesystems list all known filesystems/RAIDs and exit -s, --match-tag <tag> show specified tag(s) (default show all tags) -t, --match-token <token> find device with a specific token (NAME=value pair) -l, --list-one look up only first device with token specified by -t